Actualización en carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides refractario a radioyodo / Update on iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid carcinoma

La terapia con radioyodo constituye un pilar fundamental en la terapia adyuvante de rutina de los pacientes con carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides de alto riesgo. Sin embargo, un porcentaje no despreciable de estos pacientes desarrollaran un estado de refractariedad a este tratamiento, mostrando un peor pronóstico, disminuyendo la supervivencia y la esperanza de vida, lo que demuestra una clara necesidad de explorar distintos abordajes terapéuticos. El tratamiento de los pacientes refractarios al radioyodo sigue siendo un desafío, disponiendo en la actualidad de distintas opciones terapéuticas novedosas que deben ser conocidas por las distintas especialidades relacionadas con el carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides (CDT). El objetivo del presente trabajo es hacer una revisión del CDT refractario al tratamiento con yodo radiactivo, centrándose especialmente en la definición de yodorrefractariedad, destacando su importancia por su elevada mortalidad, e introducir las diferentes opciones terapéuticas disponibles para estos pacientes (AU)

Radioiodine therapy represents a fundamental pillar in the routine adjuvant therapy of patients with high-risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma. However, a non-negligible percentage of these patients will develop iodine refractoriness, showing a worse prognosis, as well a lower survival, which demonstrates a clear need to explore different therapeutic approaches. Iodine refractory patient treatment continues to be a challenge, currently having different novel therapeutic options that should be known by the different specialties related to differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). The aim of this work is to review iodine refractory thyroid carcinoma treatment, focusing especially on the definition of iodine refractoriness, highlighting its importance due to its high mortality, and introducing the different therapeutic options available for these patients (AU)

Update on iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

Radioiodine therapy represents a fundamental pillar in the routine adjuvant therapy of patients with high-risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma. However, a non-negligible percentage of these patients will develop iodine refractoriness, showing a worse prognosis, as well a lower survival, which demonstrates a clear need to explore different therapeutic approaches. Iodine refractory patient treatment continues to be a challenge, currently having different novel therapeutic options that should be known by the different specialties related to differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). The aim of this work is to review iodine refractory thyroid carcinoma treatment, focusing especially on the definition of iodine refractoriness, highlighting its importance due to its high mortality, and introducing the different therapeutic options available for these patients.

Medicina nuclear en España: alta tecnología 2013 / Nuclear medicine in Spain: High technology 2013

En este artículo se aportan los datos del equipamiento de alta tecnología en España obtenidos a través de una encuesta enviada a las 3 principales compañías que son proveedoras de equipamiento en España. En la misma se analizan la distribución geográfica de la alta tecnología por comunidades autónomas así como su antigüedad (AU)

This article details the high technology equipment in Spain obtained through a survey sent to the three main provider companies of equipment installed in Spain. The geographical distribution of high technology by Autonomous Communities and its antiquity have been analyzed (AU)

[Nuclear medicine in Spain: high technology 2013]. / Medicina nuclear en España: alta tecnología 2013.

This article details the high technology equipment in Spain obtained through a survey sent to the three main provider companies of equipment installed in Spain. The geographical distribution of high technology by Autonomous Communities and its antiquity have been analyzed.

Tratamiento del craneofaringioma quístico con 90Y-coloide. Presentación de 4 casos clínicos / Treatment of cystic craniopharyngioma with 90Y-Colloid. Four clinical cases

El craneofaringioma es un tumor intracraneal histológicamente benigno y frecuentemente quístico que puede presentar un comportamiento agresivo por compresión de estructuras vecinas. Su manejo terapéutico es complicado ya que si bien el tratamiento de elección suele ser la cirugía, esta no está exenta de una gran morbimortalidad y recidiva tumoral frecuente. En aquellos craneofaringiomas con un componente quístico importante la irradiación interna del tumor con isótopos radiactivos supone una alternativa a los tratamientos convencionales. Se presentan 4 casos de pacientes con craneofaringiomas quísticos tratados mediante administración intraquística con 90Y-coloide y su evolución después del tratamiento(AU)

Craniopharyngioma is a histologically benign and frequently cystic intracranial tumor. It may present aggressive behavior due to compression of nearby structures. Its therapeutic management is complicated because, although surgery is the usual treatment of choice, it is not exempt of high morbidity and mortality, and frequent tumor recurrence. In craniopharyngiomas with a significant cystic component, internal irradiation with radioactive isotopes is a therapeutic alternative to conventional treatments. We present the cases of four patients with cystic craniopharyngiomas who were treated with intracystic administration of 90Y-colloid, and their evolution after the therapy(AU)

Treatment of cystic craniopharyngioma with 90Y-Colloid. Four clinical cases.

Craniopharyngioma is a histologically benign and frequently cystic intracranial tumor. It may present aggressive behavior due to compression from nearby structures. Its therapeutic management is complicated because although surgery is the usual treatment of choice, it is not exempt of high morbidity and mortality and frequent tumor recurrence. In craniopharyngiomas with a significant cystic component,internal irradiation with radioactive isotopes is a therapeutic alternative to conventional treatments. We present the cases of four patients with cystic craniopharyngiomas who were treated with intracystic administration of 90Y-colloid, and their evolution after the treatment.

Medición de la absorción de los ácidos biliares en el diagnóstico inicial de la diarrea crónica / Measurement of 75Se-SeHCAT abdominal retention in the initial diagnosis of Bile Acid Absorption (BAM)

Objetivo. Evaluar la utilidad de la prueba del 75SeHCAT en el diagnóstico precoz del síndrome diarreico (SD). Se evaluaron prospectivamente 37 pacientes con SD de un mes de evolución. Método. Se midió la retención abdominal (RA) de 75SeHCAT 4 y 7 días post-administración de 0,01 mCi de 75SeHCAT antes del tratamiento y a los tres meses en los pacientes con estudio basal positivo. La prueba se consideró positiva si la RA era: < 25% el 4.° y < 10% el 7.° días. Los pacientes fueron visitados a los tres meses. Según la respuesta se distinguió: a) respuesta completa: normalización del ritmo deposicional; b) respuesta parcial, disminución de la frecuencia/consistencia, y c) no respuesta. Resultados. Grupo A: la RA fue normal en 21 pacientes. El diagnóstico fue: 6 divertículos colónicos, 8 síndrome de intestino irritable, 1 colitis linfocitaria, 1 síndrome post-gastroenteritis, 1 enfermedad celíaca, 1 estenosis de cardias y 4 continuan en estudio. Grupo B: la RA disminuyó en 16 pacientes; todos mostraron una RA baja a los 7 días y solo uno a los 4 días. Tras la administración de resina de colestiramina, 8 (50%) presentaron respuesta parcial y 8 (50%) respuesta completa. A los tres meses, la RA había aumentado en tres pacientes al 4.° día y en 9 al 7.° día. Conclusión. La medición de la RA de 75Se-SEHCAT permite el diagnóstico precoz de la malabsorción de sales biliares en el 43% de pacientes con SD. La medición a los 7 días parece más precisa que la de los 4 días(AU)

Aim. To evaluate the usefulness of the 75SeHCAT abdominal retention (AR) measurement in the early diagnosis of diarrhea syndrome (DS). Methods. Thirty-seven patients with diarrhea syndrome within the first month of evolution were prospectively evaluated. The 75Se-SeHCAT abdominal retention was measured 4 and 7 days post-administration of 0.01 mCi of 75SeHCAT. The test was performed prior to treatment and at 3 months when the baseline study was positive. The test was considered positive if the RA was <25% at 4th and <10% on the 7th day. The patients were visited at 3 months. Depending on the response, 3 groups were established: a) complete response: normalization of stool frequency, b) partial response, decrease of frequency or c) no response. Results. Group A: The AR of 75Se-SEHCAT was normal in 21 patients. Six were diagnosed of colonic diverticulosis, 8 of irritable bowel syndrome, 1 of lymphocytic colitis, 1 of post-gastroenteritis syndrome, 1 of celiac disease and 1 of stenosis of the cardia. Four are still under study. Group B: The AR of 75Se-SEHCAT decreased in 16 patients. All showed abnormal AR at day 7 and all but 1 at day 4. Following administration of cholestyramine resin, 8 (50%) presented partial response and 8 (50%) complete response. At 3 months, AR had increased at day 4 and 9 at day 7. Conclusion. The measurement of 75SEHCAT abdominal retention allows the early diagnosis of bile acid malabsorption in 43% of the patients with DS. Measurement at 7 days seems more accurate than that at 4 days(AU)

[Measurement of 75Se-SeHCAT abdominal retention in the initial diagnosis of Bile Acid Absorption (BAM)]. / Medición de la absorción de los ácidos biliares en el diagnóstico inicial de la diarrea crónica.

AIM: To evaluate the usefulness of the (75)SeHCAT abdominal retention (AR) measurement in the early diagnosis of diarrhea syndrome (DS). METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with diarrhea syndrome within the first month of evolution were prospectively evaluated. The (75)Se-SeHCAT abdominal retention was measured 4 and 7 days post-administration of 0.01 mCi of (75)SeHCAT. The test was performed prior to treatment and at 3 months when the baseline study was positive. The test was considered positive if the RA was <25% at 4(th) and <10% on the 7th day. The patients were visited at 3 months. Depending on the response, 3 groups were established: a) complete response: normalization of stool frequency, b) partial response, decrease of frequency or c) no response. RESULTS: Group A: The AR of (75)Se-SEHCAT was normal in 21 patients. Six were diagnosed of colonic diverticulosis, 8 of irritable bowel syndrome, 1 of lymphocytic colitis, 1 of post-gastroenteritis syndrome, 1 of celiac disease and 1 of stenosis of the cardia. Four are still under study. Group B: The AR of (75)Se-SEHCAT decreased in 16 patients. All showed abnormal AR at day 7 and all but 1 at day 4. Following administration of cholestyramine resin, 8 (50%) presented partial response and 8 (50%) complete response. At 3 months, AR had increased at day 4 and 9 at day 7. CONCLUSION: The measurement of (75)SEHCAT abdominal retention allows the early diagnosis of bile acid malabsorption in 43% of the patients with DS. Measurement at 7 days seems more accurate than that at 4 days.

What are the preoperative factors that can determine the presence of metastases in other axillary nodes in breast cancer when the sentinel node is positive?

AIM: To determine whether preoperative factors, such as size of metastases in the sentinel lymph node (SLN), number of positive SLNs (1, >1), tumoral grade, lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and tumoral size can predict the presence of metastases in non-SLNs, when the SLN is positive. METHODS: The study population was 1 146 breast cancer patients. Lymphadenectomy was performed in 150. Three groups of patients were established depending on the size of the metastases in SLNs: group A: <2 mm; group B: 2 < or =GC < or =5 mm; group C: > 5 mm. Either the chi(2) test or Fisher's test was performed to compare categorical variables, and a multivariate conditional logistic regression model for data sets was performed to identify the deterministic factors of metastases presence. RESULTS: Ten percent of group A, 28% of group B and 52% of group C presented non-SLN metastases. Patients with >1 positive-SLN presented significantly more non-SLN metastases than those with only one positive-SLN; 56% of patients with LVI presented non-SLN metastases versus 26% of those without LVI. The tumoral grade and size did not seem to have any influence on the number of patients with non-SLN metastases. The number of positive-SLNs and size of metastases were statistically associated with the presence of metastases. CONCLUSIONS: In this study population, the probability of finding non-SLN metastases was statistically related to the size of the SLN metastases and the number of positive-SLNs.

Metástasis de carcinoma renal de células claras en la musculatura esquelética / No disponible

No disponible

Utilidad clínica de la corrección de atenuación con rayos X en los estudios SPECT de perfusión miocárdica / Clinical utility of attenuation correction with X-RAYS in myocardial perfusion SPECT studies

Objetivos. Comparar la tomogammagrafía (SPECT) de perfusión miocárdica con corrección de atenuaciónmediante rayos X con la evaluación conjunta delas imágenes no corregidas y los datos del gated en el manejo de la enfermedad arterial coronaria.Método. A 60 pacientes (p) se les realizó una SPECT deperfusión miocárdica esfuerzo/reposo-gated con correcciónde atenuación mediante una tomografía computarizada (TC)de baja resolución con una gammacámara híbrida y una cateterización cardíaca. Se evaluaron cualitativamente tres tipos de imágenes: esfuerzo/reposo no corregidas (NC), esfuerzo/ reposo no corregidas valoradas juntamente con el gated (NCG) y esfuerzo/reposo corregidas por atenuación y con correción de scatter (CA). Con el test de McNemar se analizaron las diferencias estadísticas en la exactitud diagnósticaentre cada tipo de imágenes; p < 0,05 se consideró estadísticamente significativa. Resultados. Catorce p no tenían lesiones significativas en las arterias coronarias (LNS), en los 46 p restantes se detectaron:29 lesiones en la descendente anterior, 26 en la coronaria derecha y 18 en la circunfleja. En el territorio de la coronaria derecha la exactitud diagnóstica fue significativamente mayor en lasimágenes CA que en las NC (p < 0,001) y que en las NCG(p < 0,01). En el grupo de LNS hubo diferencias significativas entre NC y CA (p < 0,02) y entre NCG y CA (p < 0,05). Conclusiones. La corrección de atenuación con rayos X en los estudios SPECT-gated de perfusión miocárdica mejora significativamente tanto la capacidad de los mismos para descartar la existencia de enfermedad coronaria, como la exactitud diagnóstica en el territorio de la coronaria derecha

Objective. We have compared the uncorrected images of SPECT myocardial perfusion plus gated data with corrected images with X-rays in the management of coronary artery disease. Methods. In 60 patients (p) a stress/rest-gated myocardial perfusion SPECT was performed with attenuation correction with a hybrid gammacamera. All patients underwent cardiac catheterization. 3 types of images were qualitatively evaluated: uncorrected stress/rest (NC), uncorrected stress/rest plus gated (NCG) and stress/rest corrected for attenuation with scatter correction (AC). McNemar’s test was used to analyze the statistical differences in assessing the diagnostic accuracy of each type of images; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. Fourteen p did not have significant lesions in the coronary arteries (NSL), 46 p showed lesions in coronary arteries: 29 in anterior descending, 26 in right coronary and 18 in circumflex. In right coronary territory, diagnostic accuracy was significantly higher on AC than on NC images (p < 0.001) and on AC than on NCG images (p < 0.01). In NSL group there are significant differences between NC and AC (p < 0.02) and between NCG and AC (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Attenuation correction with X-rays significantly improves diagnostic accuracy of uncorrected images and uncorrected images plus gated

[Clinical utility of attenuation correction with X-rays in myocardial perfusion SPECT studies]. / Utilidad clínica de la corrección de atenuación con rayos X en los estudios SPECT de perfusión miocárdica.

OBJECTIVE: We have compared the uncorrected images of SPECT myocardial perfusion plus gated data with corrected images with X-rays in the management of coronary artery disease. METHODS: In 60 patients (p) a stress/rest-gated myocardial perfusion SPECT was performed with attenuation correction with a hybrid gammacamera. All patients underwent cardiac catheterization. 3 types of images were qualitatively evaluated: uncorrected stress/rest (NC), uncorrected stress/rest plus gated (NCG) and stress/rest corrected for attenuation with scatter correction (AC). McNemar's test was used to analyze the statistical differences in assessing the diagnostic accuracy of each type of images; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Fourteen p did not have significant lesions in the coronary arteries (NSL), 46 p showed lesions in coronary arteries: 29 in anterior descending, 26 in right coronary and 18 in circumflex. In right coronary territory, diagnostic accuracy was significantly higher on AC than on NC images (p < 0.001) and on AC than on NCG images (p < 0.01). In NSL group there are significant differences between NC and AC (p < 0.02) and between NCG and AC (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Attenuation correction with X-rays significantly improves diagnostic accuracy of uncorrected images and uncorrected images plus gated.

[Lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node biopsy in non-palpable breast cancer]. / Linfogammagrafía y biopsia del ganglio centinela en el carcinoma no palpable de mama.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in non-palpable breast cancer (NPBC) patients in comparison with palpable breast cancer (PBC) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 199 breast cancer patients were studied. Patients were classified into two groups: NPBC and PBC. Following sentinel node biopsy all patients underwent axillary lymphadenectomy. Surgery was performed at 4-24 h after peritumoral injection of 111MBq 99mTc-nanocolloid. Histological sentinel node analysis was performed by cytological imprinting and delayed study. The following parameters were analyzed in both groups: scintigraphic and surgical detection rates, true positives (TP), true negatives (TN), sensitivity (S), predictive negative value (PNV), false negative rate (FNR) and global precision (GP) of the technique. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed (p > 0.05) in either the lymphoscintigraphy or surgical sentinel node detection, or drainage to internal mammary chain (p = 0.211) in both groups. Metastatic axillary prevalence was lower in NPBC group (p = 0.019). Similar S, NPV and GP values (>90 %) and FNR (< or = 6 %) were found in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The reliability of the technique is similar in both groups. Drainage is predominantly axilar. Drainage to internal mammary chain was more frequently seen in medial tumours and in NPBC. Metastatic axillary prevalence was lower in the NPBC group.

Linfogammagrafía y biopsia del ganglio centinela en el carcinoma no palpable de mama / Lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node biopsy in non-palpable breast cancer

Objetivo. Analizar las detecciones radioisotópica y quirúrgica del ganglio centinela (GC) en el carcinoma no palpable de mama (CNPM) y comparar los resultados en este grupo con los del grupo de tumores palpables de mama (CPM). Material y métodos. Se estudian 199 pacientes. Se les realizó biopsia del GC y linfadenectomía axilar (LDNA). Se establecen dos grupos: CNPM y CPM. La cirugía tuvo lugar entre las 4-24 horas de la administración peritumoral de 111MBq de 99mTc-nanocoloide. La histopatología del GC fue mediante impronta peroperatoria y estudio diferido. Se analiza el porcentaje de detección gammagráfica y quirúrgica y la vía de drenaje del GC según la palpación del tumor y su localización en la mama; los verdaderos positivos (VP), verdaderos negativos (VN), falsos negativos (FN), la sensibilidad (S), el valor predictivo negativo (VPN), la tasa de falsos negativos (TFN) y la precisión global (PG) de la técnica. Resultados. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p > 0,05) ni en la detección gammagráfica y quirúrgica del GC, ni en la existencia de drenaje a mamaria interna (p = 0,211) entre ambos grupos. La prevalencia de metástasis axilar fue menor en el grupo CNPM (p = 0,019). La S, el VPN y la PG de la técnica fue similar en los dos grupos (> 90 %), así como la TFN (<= 6 %). Conclusiones. La fiabilidad de la técnica es similar en los dos grupos. El drenaje predominante es axilar. El drenaje a mamaria interna predominó en los tumores mediales y en CNPM. La prevalencia metastásica axilar es menor en el CNPM

Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in non-palpable breast cancer (NPBC) patients in comparison with palpable breast cancer (PBC) patients. Material and methods. 199 breast cancer patients were studied. Patients were classified into two groups: NPBC and PBC. Following sentinel node biopsy all patients underwent axillary lymphadenectomy. Surgery was performed at 4-24h after peritumoral injection of 111MBq 99mTc-nanocolloid. Histological sentinel node analysis was performed by cytological imprinting and delayed study. The following parameters were analyzed in both groups: scintigraphic and surgical detection rates, true positives (TP), true negatives (TN), sensitivity (S), predictive negative value (PNV), false negative rate (FNR) and global precision (GP) of the technique. Results. No significant differences were observed (p > 0.05) in either the lymphoscintigraphy or surgical sentinel node detection, or drainage to internal mammary chain (p = 0.211) in both groups. Metastatic axillary prevalence was lower in NPBC group (p = 0.019). Similar S, NPV and GP values (> 90 %) and FNR (<= 6 %) were found in both groups. Conclusions. The reliability of the technique is similar in both groups. Drainage is predominantly axilar. Drainage to internal mammary chain was more frequently seen in medial tumours and in NPBC. Metastatic axillary prevalence was lower in the NPBC group